Samuel Barker Ancestry
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| Jane Daniell & Samuel Barker, 1821 |
I will try to review the basic evidence which I think justifies
my Barker lineage from Samuel Barker (1791-1832) back to a group of sythesmith
Barkers of Norton parish in Derbyshire (just outside Sheffield and across the
Yorkshire border). They lived in the
Greenhill (Grennell) hamlet within Norton parish. I will try to focus on the essential evidence
and not at this time offer every twist and turn in the story of discovery or
documents used. It took forty years to
find my deeper Barker roots, so I am very pleased to offer the basic research
narrative. Family resources take us back
to Samuel Barker (1791-1832) and his wife Jane Daniell (1800-1833), but I did
not know their birth, marriage and death years and places for several years.
The pertinent evidence begins with the entry in Francis
Daniell’s diary for 3 January 1820 which indicates that Samuel Barker’s
(1791-1832) sister Jane Barker died at Newton Abbot.
A chain of fortuitous events led to the discovery of Jane’s
tombstone at Wolborough (Newton Abbot).
This was one of the great finds, since it was really a needle in a
haystack locating that tombstone in a crowded and overgrown churchyard. The big breakthrough is that the tombstone
indicates that she was from Rotherham, Yorkshire. It gives her age as 26. It reads: “Here lieth interr’d the Body of
Miss JANE BARKER of Rotherham, Yorkshire who died 3 January 1820 Aged 26 Years.” A Yorkshire origin for Samuel Barker matches
my great-grandmother’s story that the Barkers were from Yorkshire.
Logic suggests that we look in Rotherham church records for
a Jane Barker born/chr. about 1793, and her brother Samuel Barker born/chr.
about 1790/1791. Both these were found. No other candidates that meet these criteria
have been found in Rotherham. Samuel
Barker was born 6 Jan 1791 and christened 16 March 1791 at All Saints, also
known as Rotherham Minster.
There are other children in this Barker family. The next step was to fill in the details on
the Barker children’s parents, Thomas and Elizabeth Barker. Thomas Barker and Elizabeth Wheelhouse married
on 16 April 1788 in Rotherham. Recently
I discovered their newspaper marriage announcement in the Leeds Intelligencer, Tuesday, 22 April 1788. The announcement indicates that Elizabeth
Wheelhouse was from Rawcliffe, but after numerous hours of recent research on
Wheelhouses from different Rawcliffe locations, I have not yet found her origins.
Fortunately, both the father Thomas Barker and his wife
Elizabeth (née Wheelhouse) left wills, and the plumbing and glazing business
seems to connect the family members from 1788 to 1815. Thomas leaves a will dated 10 December 1801;
he is buried 15 May 1802 in Rotherham; the will is proved October 1802. The key clue in Thomas Barker’s will is his
mention of his “undivided half part and
share of in and to All that my Estate situate and being at Cowdale in the
County of Derby . . . and which is now in the occupation of Thomas Wainwright
his undertenants and assigns” which Thomas gives to his wife Elizabeth.
Elizabeth (née Wheelhouse) Barker’s will mentions the
plumbing and glazing business and all their six children. She mentions £500 of bequeaths, so it sounds
like the business had prospered. Her
will is written 4 January 1810; she is buried 16 June 1814 in Rotherham; it is
proved 7 January 1815. She died at age
55 which gives us a birth about 1758/1759.
The following are a few sample segments from her will.
I did not find Thomas Barker’s birth/christening in
Rotherham or nearby. By the late 1980s
my focus was on Cowdale, which is a small hamlet in the chapelry of Chelmorton,
part of the parish of Bakewell. Cowdale
is a little east of Buxton, Derbyshire.
As luck would turn out, there was a Barker family at Cowdale from the
mid-1500s to the early 1800s. Indeed, I
took a very close look at Thomas Barker (born 1731; died 1800 at Cowdale Hall)
and at his family. See my miscellaneous
submission to Rootsweb’s WorldConnect Project: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=ramstedtgj&id=I404. I spent five years tracing this Barker
family, corresponded with the current owner of Cowdale Hall, and put together a
pretty extensive pedigree. Thomas Barker
(1731-1800) had a cousin William Barker (died 1800) living over at Staden (near
Cowdale), and his son was a Samuel Barker (chr. 1764 Chelmorton parish). There were Thomases and Samuels all over this
pedigree, BUT I could never quite pin down ‘our’ Thomas Barker of Rotherham in
this pedigree. I felt pretty certain that Thomas Barker of Rotherham had to somehow fit
into these Cowdale Barkers, but subsequent research indicates that he is not
related to the Barkers of Cowdale and Staden.
I noticed in the Land
Tax Assessments (LTA) of Cowdale
that Thomas Wainwright’s occupancy
was listed alternatively under Samuel Ardron
and James Ardern as land owners, but
by the mid-1790s the owner was listed as “late
Ardern.” The farm at Cowdale under
Thomas Barker (1731-1800) was clearly a different piece of land from the one
occupied by Thomas Wainwright. There were obviously two Thomas Barkers. The will of Thomas Barker (1731-1800) does not
mention a son Thomas Barker (born circa 1750s) of Rotherham, nor any children
for that matter. Why wasn’t ‘my’ Thomas Barker
listed as the owner of the land occupied by Thomas Wainwright, but rather the
owner was “late Ardern”? The following
are some cropped portions from these Land Tax Assessments.
1780 Cowdale LTA: Samuel Ardron, proprietor, with Robert
Longdon, occupier. The Thomas Barker,
occupier under John Goodwin, is the Thomas Barker (1731-1800) of Cowdale
discussed above. This is not
Thomas Barker of Rotherham.
Proprietor Occupier
1785 Cowdale LTA: Robert
Longdon occupies the land that Thomas Wainwright later occupies. The Thomas Barker, owner and occupier, in
this entry is Thomas Barker (1731-1800) of Cowdale.
Proprietor Occupier
1786 Cowdale LTA: Assuming that Samuel Ardron and James
Ardern are closely related to each other, it looks like the Arderns/Ardrons now
have Thomas Wainwright as their undertenant.
The Thomas Barker, owner and occupier, in this entry is Thomas Barker
(1731-1800) of Cowdale, who appears unrelated to Thomas Barker of Rotherham.
Occupier Owner
1795 Cowdale LTA: Here it looks like James Ardern is now “late Arderns.” We also see the other Thomas Barker acting as
both owner and occupier. (There is good
reason to think that Samuel Ardron and James Ardern are connected as Samuel’s
1793 will implies, as discussed below. Also,
the assessment of 4 shillings and 1 ½ pence is consistent from 1780 to 1786,
suggesting the same property.) At
present, I do not know just how Samuel and James connect. I think Ardron and Ardern are
interchangeable.)
Occupiers Owners
1800 Cowdale LTA: This should be the last year that Thomas
Barker (1731-1800) is shown as both owner and occupier, but in fact he appear
once more the next year, probably because his wife Eleanor lived to 1803.
1801 LTA of Buxton area: It does not specifically indicate
that this is Cowdale. This assessment lists
everyone in alphabetical order apparently for the entire Buxton area, so it is
hard to be sure that we are specifically within Cowdale. The Thomas Ardern, both owner and occupier,
is interesting, but I don’t know who he is.
Perhaps the Arderns had landed interests beyond just Cowdale. We see Thomas Barker, both proprietor and
occupier with an exonerated assessment of 11 shillings, the same as in 1800, so
I assume this still refers to his widow Eleanor (who died 1803).
1802 LTA for Buxton area (still alphabetical): We know that
Thomas Barker of Rotherham dies in 1802, and that his undertenant is Thomas
Wainwright, who is shown here. Notice
that it never specifically lists Thomas Barker (of Rotherham) but rather
subsumes his estate under the estate of “late
Arderns.”
1805 Cowdale LTA: After 1802, Thomas Barker of Rotherham’s
heir is his wife Elizabeth. By 1805,
Eleanor Barker is dead, and the estate of her late husband Thomas Barker
(1731-1800) of Cowdale is shown as exonerated at 11 shillings. This Thomas and Eleanor’s heir must be the
William Barker shown. Notice that Thomas
Wainwright is also the occupier under Thomas Pickford whose family were major
landed proprietors in the area. The 1806
LTA is the same as this one.
1807 Cowdale LTA: There are big changes between 1806 and
1807. We can recognize the old holding
of Thomas and Elizabeth Barker of Rotherham by its unexonerated assessment of
10 shillings, 4 pence. Here in 1807 the
owner is Thomas Pickford and the occupier is our familiar Thomas
Wainwright. Did Elizabeth Barker of
Rotherham sell her interest in the Cowdale estate? Did the Ardern estate finally settle, and was
it sold off to Mr. Pickford? The
“Trustees of late T. Barker” refers to Thomas and Eleanor Barker of Cowdale,
but now both of them are deceased and it is held under a trust. We know this from the 11 shillings
exonerated. After 1807 the Pickfords
dominate land ownership in the area, but Thomas Wainwright is the occupier at
least until 1815 when I stopped looking.
I did some initial investigations looking for a Samuel Ardron
and James Ardern in Buxton and the surrounding area. It began to look like a tough slog was needed
to trace all possible Arderns to see if any of them had a relative Thomas
Barker of Rotherham. That would be a lot
of wills to look at. There were many
Arderns in Cheshire, and some of them had connections with the Buxton area of
Derbyshire. Fortunately, I was saved
from going down yet another false trail in my efforts to find MY Barkers.
Recently, ancestry.com put up a database called Duties Paid
for Apprentices’ Indentures. There I
found this entry dated 20 Oct 1774: “John Walton of Rotherham in Co. York,
plumber & glazier, and Thomas Barker.”
Since the stamp duty could be paid any time from the initial transaction
of the indenture to within one year after the apprentice completed his
training, it looked like my Thomas Barker was born sometime from about 1752 to
about 1760. Age 14 was a common age for
apprenticeships to be contracted.
Just when it looked like I was going to have to follow the
hardest course possible with the Arderns of Cheshire, some big breakthroughs
started to happen. One of the biggest
rules of genealogy research is to do a ‘reasonably exhaustive search.’ That means that I should cast a wide net
around Rotherham. Since the Cowdale Barkers
seemed to have been a false trail (one of many false trails I’ve followed in
the Barker research), I figured that I should back-track to Rotherham. I mapped out all parishes within a 10-mile
radius around Rotherham and began searching for a Thomas Barker born from the
1740s to a little after 1760. Soon I
discovered a Thomas Barker who was
christened in Laughton en le Morthen, Yorkshire, on 5 January 1759, the son of
Aaron Barker. (I have seen the
original handwritten entry on microfilm, but have not scanned it yet. This is from familysearch.org.)
Aaron is not such a common name, so maybe I could find more
about Aaron Barker. A few minutes later
I got really excited when I found on the computer the marriage of Aaron Barker to Hannah Ardern on 21 October 1745 at
Peak Forest chapel in Derbyshire. This
parish of Peak Forest was a peculiar parish where some marriage laws of the
Established Church could be ignored, and therefore it attracted a lot of
marriages from a wide region. (I have
seen the original writing but have not scanned it yet. This is from Familysearch.org.)
More discoveries came in rapid succession. Aaron
Barker, sythesmith of Greenhill, Norton parish, Derbyshire, had a daughter
Hannah Barker chr. 24 July 1748. Later,
Anne Barker was christened on 26 Aug 1750 to Aaron and Hannah of Greenhill in Norton
parish. I noticed that a Mary Barker was
christened on 17 Mar 1755 in Laughton en le Morthen, and then twins Hannah and
Ann Barker christened on 27 Dec 1759 in Laughton en le Morthen. I assume that the first two daughters died
young in a parish other than Norton and Laughton.
I learned that Aaron Barker was buried in Laughton en le
Morten, Yorkshire on 26 Aug 1801, age 88.
Hannah, wife of Aaron, laborer, was buried 27 Dec 1797 in Laughton en le
Morthen, age 77. That puts her birth
around 1720 and Aaron’s around 1713. These
dates work for a 1745 marriage.
Then I looked in the Laughton
en le Morthen probate records. It is
a peculiar court that keeps its own wills on a parish level. I noticed in the index several Ardrons, but no Arderns.
There was a Samuel Ardron,
yeoman, of Slade Hooton, Laughton en le Morthen, Yorkhsire who left a will
dated 12 April 1793. He was
christened in Laughton in 1708 and was buried there on 10 May 1793. When I started looking at that will I began
to see things that I have been seeking for 40 years. Samuel Ardron’s will stated in part:
This is the Last Will and
Testament of me
Samuel Ardron of Slade Hooton in the
Parish of Laughton en le Morthen in the County of York Yeoman. . . . Also I give and devise all that my Estate situate and being at Cowdale
in the County of Derby with all Rights Members and appurtenances thereto
belonging now in the Possession of
Thomas Wainwright unto my nephew Thomas Barker and my said Niece Mary Ludlam
their Heirs and assigns for ever To hold
as Tenants in in Common and not as Joint Tenants Subject nevertheless to and charged and chargeable with the annuity
or Yearly Rent of Six Pounds one Shilling and Sixpence hereinafter mentioned And I do hereby give grant and devise
unto my Sister Hannah Barker for and
during the Term of her Natural Life one annuity or clear Yearly Rent or Sum of
Six Pounds one Shilling and sixpence of Lawfull money of Great Britain free
from all Taxes and other Deductions parliamentary or otherwise to be Issuing
and payable out of my said Estate situate at Cowdale aforesaid and to be paid
to her Weekly after the Rate of Two Shillings and Fourpence a week with all
legal Power of Distress in Case of non payment thereof and her Receipt shall
from Time to Time be a sufficient Discharge for the same which shall not be
subject to the Control or intermeddling of her Husband, Also I give and bequeath To my Nephew Thomas Barker my Silver Cup,
To my Niece Mary Ludlam my Silver Tankard Two Silver Table Spoons and also my
Bed Bedding and Linens . . . [and others] five pounds.
Here was a perfect
overlap at Cowdale between Samuel Ardron, the Cowdale Land Tax Assessments, the
undertenant Thomas Wainwright, Thomas Barker of Rotherham, Hannah (née Ardron)
Barker, and the sister Mary (née Barker) Ludlam. That day, 26 October 2012 at the Family
History Library in Salt Lake City, I sat stunned at the microfilm reader for
quite a while. Forty years of looking
and hoping, and here was the evidence!
Within a very short time I then assembled a pedigree for
Hannah Ardron at Laughton en le Morthen, Yorkshire, and Aaron Barker at
Greenhill in Norton, Derbyshire. Hannah’s age of 77 in 1797 fits perfectly for
her christening on 16 Feb 1719/1720 in Laughton. She and several siblings were the children of
William Ardron (1673-1719) (joiner & farmer, of Slade Hooton, Laughton en
le Morthen) and Sarah Eyre (1683- ). Right now I have the Ardrons back to the
1640s, and have benefitted from the efforts of others who submitted their trees
online.
I’m not sure that I’m done with Cowdale, since the
connection there is now moved back earlier in time. What in the world was the Ardron business in
Cowdale, which is so far from Laughton?
(Clue: I’m thinking the Rowland Eyre family may have something to do
with it for reasons that I won’t go into right now. There may be an earlier trust or subdivision
of property that brought it into the hands of the Ardrons.)
Recently I discovered clues in the will of Hannah’s brother,
Thomas Ardron, Gentleman (of Slade Hooton and London) that led me to his extremely
interesting, though infamous role in English legal history. One of the central rights of Englishmen, as
well as the Fourth Amendment of the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution, comes
partially as a reaction to Thomas Ardron’s service as ‘Messenger in Ordinary’
to the king. I don’t have time to write
about it now, but read about the history of search and seizure, and in
particular the details of the 1765 case of Entick v Carrington. This is a seminal trial in English law that
put limits on the scope of executive authority.
It appears that Thomas was a ‘thug’ under orders from Lord Halifax, and
ultimately from the king, to search and seize evidence from John Entick. It is a good story.
It appears to me that the Ardrons in the 1600s and 1700s
were fairly prosperous, but by the 1800s may not have held onto this
status. The blacksmith trade survived
among the Ardrons from the 1600s to the 1800s, along with land ownership in
earlier times.
Aaron Barker’s age is given as 88 in 1801, which suggests a
birth about 1713. We find Aaron Barker
christened in Norton on 5 Oct 1717, the son of John and Anna Barker, of
Greenhill. We are just a couple years
off, which seems typical of age estimates in this time period. I don’t see any other Aaron Barkers who could
be in a candidate pool, and I know that ‘my’ Aaron Barker was a sythesmith and
had baptized his first two children in Norton parish. There are at least nine children in Aaron’s
family, and through his brother Moses Barker (1719-1760) there may be a line of
Barker descentants that might take us to the present.
It looks like for at least 300 years these Barkers were
scythesmiths which is a common occupation in Norton and surrounding areas. The cutlery and metal working arts were
prevalent around Sheffield. I cannot
tell whether they owned, rented, or leased any land, but indications suggest to
me that scythesmiths were skilled workers though on the lower end of the social
scale. One of my likely early Barkers
was a husbandman which suggests that he may have had a copyhold to some land on
the manor. The Barker line looks
well-documented to a John Barker born about 1620, and tentatively back to Andrew
Barker who was born about the 1540s.
Some of the wives’ collateral lines look ‘provable’ back to about 1530. There are cutlers (one from Sheffield), lead
workers, husbandmen, horse-shoers, and a miner on these collateral lines. They likely wore more than one hat in order
to provide for their families. Here it
is on Rootsweb’s WorldConnect project: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=gregramstedt&id=I55
It is interesting to see how families rise and fall in the
social strata of their times. Eldest
sons often inherited property while younger ones had to fend for themselves in
the army, church, law or trade. The occupational
lines of descent from daughters were largely determined by the kinds of people
they married. Some families could be
upwardly mobile from generation to generation, and others the opposite. In our early lineage I think I discern a repeated
pattern of men marrying women of social status a little higher than their own.
It looks to me that when Aaron Barker married in Peak Forest
to Hannah Ardron, he perhaps was marrying above his own family’s
background. The Ardrons were yeoman
landowners and blacksmiths. It was
common for landed people to supplement their income with earnings from a trade. That may be why they married in Peak Forest,
and why Samuel Ardron seemed determined in his will to protect Hannah’s income
from the Cowdale trusteeship from her husband Aaron who was listed as a laborer
in 1797 and 1801. At that time, the
property of married women automatically became the property of their husband,
and Samuel Ardron clearly wanted the rent from his Cowdale property to be for
his sister’s benefit. Concerning Peak
Forest chapel, from Wikipedia we learn: “Until an Act of Parliament was passed
in 1804 its minister was able to perform marriages without the need for reading
the banns, and the village was known as the Gretna Green of Derbyshire.” Also, “Gretna Green was a village in the
south of Scotland famous for runaway weddings.”
I could be wrong about possible misgivings between the Ardrons and Aaron
Barker, since Aaron did move with his family into the Ardron parish of Laughton
en le Morthen rather than his own home parish of Norton. There may have been more opportunity for
Aaron in Laughton en le Morthen.
Later generations of Barkers from Norton stayed in the metal
trades. Mary (née Barker) Ludlam’s
descendants appear to have largely stayed in trade. Hannah’s brother Barabus aka Barnham Ardron
(born 1714) (who didn’t seem to get any land from his childless brothers Samuel
and Thomas) was a blacksmith as were most of his descendants. Within a couple generations of him are
tailors and cutlers in addition to blacksmiths.
One of the descendants, Barnabus Ardron (1793-1857), cutler of Sheffield,
looks like he may have received a medal for service at the Battle of Waterloo,
but I’m not absolutely positive of the identity yet.
It looks like it was a good thing for Aaron and Hannah
Barker to apprentice their son Thomas Barker (1759-1802) in the plumber and
glazier trade in Rotherham in 1774.
Thomas and his family seem to have prospered, and after both he and Elizabeth
were gone by 1815, their surviving children had some funds in which to try to
establish themselves in life. I don’t
know about the family background of Elizabeth Wheelhouse as this still eludes
me, but some of the Wheelhouses that have Rawcliffe connections look rather
prosperous, or at least seem to marry well.
Under the will of Elizabeth Barker, our Samuel Barker (1791-1832) set
out in the world with £140, as did his sister Jane Barker with £160. According to the currency converter at The
National Archives, £140 in 1820 would have the same spending power as £5,868.80
in 2005.
Samuel Barker (1791-1832) and his sister Jane Barker
(1793-1820) find their way into Devon, and Francis Daniell first mentions Samuel
when he hires him to install a kitchen at the Daniell home known as Knowle in
Bovey Tracey, Devon. Working with
kitchen fixtures sounds to me like a man with a background in trade, especially
one involving some plumbing skills. I
suspect that Samuel was very enterprising and carried himself well. In 1819 Samuel Barker and his partner Mr.
Heelis sold their stock in Devon, and Samuel moved to London where he formed a
new partnership and established himself as an iron merchant. When Francis Daniell’s daughter Jane and
Samuel Barker began to court each other, Francis’s diary reveals no sense of
concern with Samuel’s background. Francis Daniell is a member of the local gentry
with somewhat flamboyant habits, and he is the Lord of the Manor of Wreyland. This is his oldest daughter and the first
marriage of any of his children. It
appears to be a fortuitous marriage for Samuel Barker, and I think he was
talented, ambitious, and confident (judging by his strong signature on his
marriage record in 1821). Six months
after they marry, Francis Daniell raises money from South Harton farm in Lustleigh
and gives £929 to his son-in-law Samuel to establish himself as a partner in
the iron and steel business in Pimlico, Middlesex. I
wonder if Francis was also looking at it as an investment which perhaps could
help him with his own debts, which were considerable by this time.
For a while Samuel Barker seems to be doing very well with
the Thames Bank Iron Works, but the Barker v Birch case in Chancery reveals a
highly disputed end to his business with either near bankruptcy or his estate
swindled by one of his partners, Charles Birch (1799-1871). It all depends on which side of the case you
believe. Sam and Jane’s children were
left orphans to be raised by aunts and their grandfather Francis, who himself
was in financial straits by the late 1830s and 1840s. The lawsuit was undertaken on behalf of the
Barker children to try to secure a greater income to provide for them, but the
case seems to have been abandoned after nearly twenty years of litigation. The surviving Barker children all found
careers in India, and I suspect Francis’s cousin James Daniell (1773-1839), one
of the directors of the East India Company until 1825, may have used his
influence to help with their placement.
Certainly, Francis had previously used his family connections to get his
own sons positions in the East India Company civil service, military and navy.
The family did what they could to help the rising generation
advance in the world, and the marriage between William Henry Barker (1828-1913),
son of Samuel and Jane, and his cousin Mary Harris (1831-1879) brought a highly
beneficial marriage settlement. Real
wealth seems to derive from land at this time, and the Harrises had Hawkmore
from which Mary Harris had claim under her father’s will. Again we see men marrying woman of greater
means and sometimes higher social standing than themselves. Of course, Lieut. William Henry Barker (EIC
navy) would then on his own account hold positions of responsibility as manager
of the Woodside Ferry across the Mersey, manager of the White Star Line, and
Secretary of the Liverpool Underwriters’ Association. In each generation, beginning the 1700s, we
see enterprising and talented men forming beneficial marriages, which was very
common for members of the gentry and aspiring upper middle class. These cousin marriages were not chance romances,
but a strategy of wealth preservation by the older folks to assist their
younger kin to get on in the world, and this pattern is very common among the
Harrises, Barkers, Daniells and their kin.
 |
| William Henry Barker & Mary Harris, 1857 |
I plan to follow up on the Barker story in England this
summer. One of my prime endeavors will be
to study the Chancery Court documents in the Barker v Birch and Wills v Birch cases. There are also three or four other Chancery Court
cases, particularly concerning the Mantells and Daniells, that I hope to look
at in The National Archives (TNA).
I will try again to find Sam and Jane’s graves at Clapham
Chapel (now St. Paul’s) in South Lambeth. I want to stand where the Thames Bank Iron
Works was located at Pimlico, and maybe find some more history of the place in
the Westminster Archives. Since Sam’s
sister Jane (died 3 Jan 1820) was the key to so much of this story, I feel like
I should try to find her gravestone again in Wolborough, and stand there and
think of the family gathered around her final resting place back in January
1820. I always felt bad that she died at
age 26. I guess I should pay homage to her.
 |
| London Steel Works (aka, Thames Bank Iron Works) Greenwood's 1830 Map |
The Daniells (of St. Paul’s Canterbury and of Hastingleigh)
and Mantells (of Horton Priory, Kent) will be my focus in Canterbury. Because of the family’s strong connection
with the Royal Navy, I’ve planned for a full day at Portsmouth. I have the old metal sea chest of Commander
Henry Harris (1851-1893) of Bovey Tracey and some of his original naval
papers. Also, I have been fascinated
with the naval career of my ancestor Captain William Mantell, RN (1713-1765) of
H.M.S. Centurion who played a
significant role on the stage of world history in the 1750s. During
the trip we will be in New Windsor, Berkshire, where Francis Daniell Sr. (1749-1793)
was a young attorney in the 1770s after serving his legal apprenticeship which
began in 1765 in Windsor. He practiced in
offices on the street immediately adjacent the castle.
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